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Human populations near the equator have evolved dark skin over many generations because of exposure to the fierce rays of the Sun. A similar phenomenon has also occurred in other parts of the animal kingdom. The African grass mouse is a good example. Most mice are nocturnal, but the African grass mouse is active during daylight hours. This means that it spends its days searching for food in the semidry bush and scrub habitats of eastern and southern Africa. Its fur is striped, like a chipmunk’s, which helps it blend in with its environment. Because it spends a lot of time in the intense tropical sun, the grass mouse has also evolved two separate safeguards against the Sun’s ultraviolet radiation. First, like the populations of humans in this region of the world, the skin of the grass mouse contains lots of melanin, or dark pigment. Second, and quite unusual, this mouse has a layer of melanin-pigmented tissue between its skull and skin. This unique “cap ” provides an extra measure of protection for the grass mouse and three other types of African mouse-like rodents that are active during the day. The only other species scientists have identified with the same sort of skull adaptation is the white tent -making bat of the Central American tropics. Although these bats sleep during the day, they do so curled up with their heads exposed to the sun.

Machiavelli (1469-1527), renowned for his book The Prince, wrote during a tumultuous time in 15th and 16th century Italy, characterized by city-state conflicts and foreign threats. His love for Florence drove him to advocate for its independence and establish a loyal army. Drawing from his experiences as a diplomat, Machiavelli sought to impart vital lessons on power and governance to his city.